Master advanced pastry skills and create a stunning dessert portfolio that showcases your unique creations. This course is perfect for aspiring pastry chefs looking to refine their techniques and specialize in desserts, enhancing their career prospects in the culinary world.

Dessert Portfolio Mastery Course

# Unlock Your Culinary Creativity with Our Dessert Portfolio Mastery Course!

Embark on a transformative journey to elevate your pastry skills and create a stunning dessert portfolio that showcases your unique creations. This course is designed for aspiring pastry chefs ready to refine their techniques and specialize in desserts. You will master advanced pastry techniques, innovative flavor pairings, and artistic presentation, all while crafting a professional portfolio that not only demonstrates your skills but also opens doors to new career opportunities in the culinary world.


### Who is it for?

This course is designed for aspiring pastry chefs who have a foundational understanding of baking and are eager to refine their skills. If you’re currently feeling stuck with basic techniques and yearning to create unique, visually appealing desserts, you’re in the right place! Just like Emily, who transformed her baking hobby into a thriving career, you too can craft a stunning dessert portfolio that showcases your artistic flair and technical prowess.

- Aspiring pastry chefs
- Culinary students
- Baking enthusiasts looking to specialize in desserts

**Recommended skill level: Intermediate level pastry chefs looking to refine their baking techniques and presentation skills.**


### Prerequisites

Before diving into this exciting adventure, ensure you have a solid foundation:

- 🍰 Basic baking knowledge and skills.
- 🔪 Familiarity with kitchen equipment and tools.
- 🌈 Understanding of fundamental flavor profiles.

### What's inside

Explore a rich curriculum designed to elevate your pastry arts skills:

- Foundational Techniques Revisited
- Flavor Pairing Mastery
- Artistic Presentation Techniques
- Chocolate Techniques Unleashed
- Finalizing Your Portfolio

**Interactive Quizzes**

Quizzes at the end of each module to reinforce your understanding and mastery of pastry techniques.

**Homework**

Hands-on assignments that allow you to apply what you've learned, including creating a dessert portfolio and documenting your processes.

**Practical Project**

Create a dessert portfolio featuring five unique desserts, complete with recipes and artistic presentation techniques to showcase your skills in pastry arts.

**Before You Start**

A preparatory section to refresh your knowledge and ensure you are ready for the course.

**Books to Read**

Recommended reading materials to deepen your understanding of pastry arts and techniques.

**Glossary**

A glossary of key terms and techniques to help you navigate the culinary language.


### What will you learn

By the end of this course, you will:

- Master advanced pastry techniques that enhance your dessert creations.
- Develop an artistic presentation style that elevates the visual appeal of your desserts.
- Innovate flavor pairings to create memorable and unique dessert experiences.

**Time to complete this course: Invest 8-12 weeks of dedicated study (15-20 hours per week) to unlock your full potential in pastry arts.**


### Enroll now and start creating your dessert portfolio today!

Familiarity with fundamental baking techniques is essential, as this course builds on your existing skills to refine and elevate your pastry creations.

Basic Baking Knowledge

Understanding how to use essential kitchen tools and equipment will allow you to focus on creativity and technique rather than logistics during your projects.

Kitchen Equipment Proficiency

A foundational understanding of flavor profiles is vital for experimenting with unique combinations, which is a key focus of this course.

Flavor Profile Basics

# Unlock Your Culinary Creativity with Our Dessert Portfolio Mastery Course!

Embark on a transformative journey to elevate your pastry skills and create a stunning dessert portfolio that showcases your unique creations. This course is designed for aspiring pastry chefs ready to refine their techniques and specialize in desserts. You will master advanced pastry techniques, innovative flavor pairings, and artistic presentation, all while crafting a professional portfolio that not only demonstrates your skills but also opens doors to new career opportunities in the culinary world.

## Who is it For
### Skill Level
Intermediate level pastry chefs looking to refine their baking techniques and presentation skills.

### Intro
This course is designed for aspiring pastry chefs who have a foundational understanding of baking and are eager to refine their skills. If you’re currently feeling stuck with basic techniques and yearning to create unique, visually appealing desserts, you’re in the right place! Just like Emily, who transformed her baking hobby into a thriving career, you too can craft a stunning dessert portfolio that showcases your artistic flair and technical prowess.

### Audience
- Aspiring pastry chefs
- Culinary students
- Baking enthusiasts looking to specialize in desserts

## Prerequisites
### Intro
Before diving into this exciting adventure, ensure you have a solid foundation:
- Basic baking knowledge and skills.
- Familiarity with kitchen equipment and tools.
- Understanding of fundamental flavor profiles.

## What's Inside
### Intro
Explore a rich curriculum designed to elevate your pastry arts skills:
- Foundational Techniques Revisited
- Flavor Pairing Mastery
- Artistic Presentation Techniques
- Chocolate Techniques Unleashed
- Finalizing Your Portfolio

### Quizzes
Quizzes at the end of each module to reinforce your understanding and mastery of pastry techniques.

### Assignments
Hands-on assignments that allow you to apply what you've learned, including creating a dessert portfolio and documenting your processes.

### Practical Project
Create a dessert portfolio featuring five unique desserts, complete with recipes and artistic presentation techniques to showcase your skills in pastry arts.

### Before You Start
A preparatory section to refresh your knowledge and ensure you are ready for the course.

### Books to Read
Recommended reading materials to deepen your understanding of pastry arts and techniques.

### Glossary
A glossary of key terms and techniques to help you navigate the culinary language.

## What Will You Learn
### Intro
By the end of this course, you will:
- Master advanced pastry techniques that enhance your dessert creations.
- Develop an artistic presentation style that elevates the visual appeal of your desserts.
- Innovate flavor pairings to create memorable and unique dessert experiences.

## Time to Complete
Invest 8-12 weeks of dedicated study (15-20 hours per week) to unlock your full potential in pastry arts.

Enroll now and start creating your dessert portfolio today!

A foundational mixture of flour, fat, and water, used to create various pastry types like puff, shortcrust, and choux.

A technique to stabilize chocolate by heating and cooling, ensuring a glossy finish and snap when set.

The art of combining different flavors to enhance the overall taste of a dessert, creating memorable experiences.

The process of arranging food aesthetically on a plate, crucial for elevating the visual appeal of desserts.

The study of chemical reactions in baking, essential for achieving consistent and high-quality results.

A type of pastry dough that is crumbly and tender, often used for tarts and pies.

A flaky pastry made by layering dough with butter, creating a light and airy texture when baked.

A light pastry dough used to make éclairs and cream puffs, known for its airy structure.

Decorative elements added to desserts for visual appeal, enhancing both presentation and flavor.

A curated collection of unique dessert creations, showcasing a chef's skills and creativity.

Techniques used to evaluate students' understanding and mastery of course content and practical skills.

The skill of arranging and decorating desserts to enhance their visual appeal and overall impact.

A detailed account of ingredients and processes used to create a dish, essential for consistency.

A method of evaluating flavors and textures in desserts, often involving feedback from others.

A visual representation of flavor profiles, aiding in the selection of complementary flavors.

Various techniques and approaches to presenting food on a plate, impacting the overall dining experience.

An organized and visually appealing arrangement of a dessert portfolio, highlighting key elements.

Recording steps, challenges, and adjustments made during baking to ensure consistency and improvement.

Creative combinations of flavors and techniques that result in unique and memorable dessert experiences.

Trying different decorative elements to enhance the presentation and flavor of desserts.

The continuous process of acquiring skills and knowledge to advance one's career in pastry arts.

Reflective practice where students evaluate their own understanding and skills to identify areas for improvement.

Constructive criticism provided by fellow students, aimed at enhancing learning and skill development.

Assessment tools that outline criteria for grading, ensuring fair and objective evaluation of student work.

In the realm of pastry arts, the foundation of your creations lies in the dough. Understanding the different types of pastry dough is crucial for crafting desserts that not only taste exquisite but also have the right texture and structure. This lesson focuses on three core types of pastry dough: puff, shortcrust, and choux.

Understanding Different Types of Pastry Dough

Each type of pastry dough serves a unique purpose in dessert creation. Let's explore the characteristics and uses of each:

**Puff Pastry:** Known for its flaky layers, puff pastry is achieved through a process called lamination, where layers of dough and butter are folded together.

**Shortcrust Pastry:** This dough is versatile and is often used for tarts and pies. It has a tender, crumbly texture, achieved by cutting fat into the flour.

**Choux Pastry:** Used for éclairs and cream puffs, this dough is unique as it is cooked on the stove before baking, resulting in a light and airy structure.

🧁 **Tip:** Always use cold ingredients when making pastry dough to ensure a flaky texture!

Puff pastry can be a challenge for many, but mastering it opens up a world of possibilities for your desserts. Here’s a step-by-step guide to creating puff pastry:

**Prepare the Dough:** Combine flour and salt, then cut in cold butter until the mixture resembles coarse crumbs.

**Add Water:** Gradually mix in cold water until the dough comes together.

**Lamination Process:** Roll out the dough, fold it, and roll it again multiple times to create layers.

**Chill:** Always chill the dough between rolling sessions to maintain its structure.

Creating a perfect shortcrust pastry is essential for many desserts. Here's how to do it:

**Mixing Ingredients:** Combine flour, sugar, and salt, then cut in cold butter until the mixture is crumbly.

**Add Liquid:** Slowly add cold water until the dough forms.

**Chill the Dough:** Wrap the dough in plastic wrap and refrigerate before rolling out.

Choux pastry requires a different approach. Follow these steps:

**Cook the Dough:** Combine water, butter, and salt in a saucepan and bring to a boil.

**Add Flour:** Remove from heat and stir in flour until fully incorporated.

**Incorporate Eggs:** Gradually add eggs until the mixture is smooth and glossy.

**Pipe and Bake:** Pipe the mixture onto a baking sheet and bake until golden.

Documenting the Baking Process for Consistency

Documentation is key in baking. Keeping track of your processes helps in troubleshooting and improving your techniques. Here’s how to effectively document your baking journey:

**Create a Baking Journal:** Note down ingredients, measurements, and any adjustments made during the baking process.

**Photograph Each Step:** Capture images of your progress to visually document your journey.

**Reflect on the Outcome:** After each bake, write down what worked and what didn’t to refine your skills.

"Baking is both an art and a science; documentation helps bridge the gap between the two."

Hands-On Exercise: Create Your Own Pastry Dough

Now it's time to put your learning into practice! Choose one type of pastry dough to master this week. Document your process thoroughly, noting any challenges and adjustments you make along the way.

Choose between puff, shortcrust, or choux pastry to create.

Document the entire baking process, including temperature, time, and any adjustments made.

Take photos of each step to include in your baking journal.

Homework: Master Your Dough

Dough Dynamics: Mastering the Basics

Dough Mastery Quiz

Baking is not just an art; it is a science. The transformation of raw ingredients into delightful desserts involves complex chemical reactions that can be controlled and manipulated. Understanding these principles will empower you to create desserts that not only taste great but also have the perfect texture and appearance.

At the heart of baking lies chemistry. Ingredients interact in specific ways to produce the desired outcomes. For instance, the Maillard reaction is a chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars that gives browned foods their distinctive flavor. Here's a breakdown of how key ingredients contribute to baking:

Flour: Provides structure due to gluten formation.

Sugar: Adds sweetness, moisture, and assists in browning.

Eggs: Contribute to structure, richness, and color.

Leavening Agents: Create air pockets for rising.

Understanding the role of each ingredient can help you troubleshoot baking issues effectively. Here’s a quick overview of common ingredients and their functions:

Common Baking Ingredients and Their Functions

Even the best bakers encounter problems. Here are some common issues and their solutions:

Cakes that don't rise: Check your leavening agents and ensure they are fresh.

Dense or gummy texture: Ensure proper mixing and accurate measurements.

Burnt bottoms: Adjust oven temperature or use a different baking pan.

Now it's time to put your knowledge into practice. Choose a basic cake recipe and modify one ingredient (like using a different flour or fat) to see how it affects the outcome. Document your process, noting any changes in texture, flavor, and appearance.

Reflecting on Your Baking Science Journey

As you experiment, keep a journal of your findings. Reflect on how understanding baking science has influenced your approach to creating desserts. What challenges did you face? How did you overcome them?

"Baking is both an art and a science. Understanding the science behind it allows you to be a true artist in the kitchen." - Unknown

- Baking is a science that involves chemical reactions.

- Each ingredient has a specific function that contributes to the final product.

- Troubleshooting skills are essential for consistent results.

Baking Science Homework

Baking Science: The Magic Behind the Oven

Baking Science Quiz

Puff pastry is a classic pastry technique that transforms simple ingredients into a light, flaky masterpiece. Understanding the science behind puff pastry is crucial for any aspiring pastry chef, as it serves as the foundation for many elegant desserts.

The key to perfect puff pastry lies in the lamination process, where layers of dough and butter are rolled and folded to create multiple flaky layers. Here's a step-by-step guide to mastering this technique:

Start with cold ingredients: Use chilled flour and butter to prevent melting during the lamination.

Roll out the dough: Shape the dough into a rectangle and roll it out evenly.

Incorporate the butter: Place a block of cold butter in the center of the rolled-out dough and fold the edges over it.

Begin the folds: Roll the dough out again and perform a series of folds (single or double folds) to create layers.

Chill between folds: Refrigerate the dough between folds to keep the butter firm.

Repeat the folding and chilling process several times to create the desired number of layers.

Tip: Use a ruler to ensure even thickness while rolling out the dough. Uneven layers can lead to inconsistent puffing during baking.

Temperature control is vital in puff pastry preparation. Here are some key points to keep in mind:

Keep your workspace cool to prevent the butter from melting.

Use a thermometer to monitor oven temperature; too hot can burn the pastry, too cool can result in sogginess.

Consider the humidity in your kitchen; high humidity can affect the dough's consistency.

Identifying Common Pitfalls in Puff Pastry Preparation

Even experienced chefs can encounter issues with puff pastry. Here are common pitfalls to avoid:

Not using enough layers: Aim for at least 6-8 layers for optimal puff.

Inconsistent rolling: Ensure even thickness to allow for uniform puffing.

Skipping the chilling steps: Chilling is crucial to maintain the integrity of the butter.

Hands-On Exercise: Create Your Own Puff Pastry

Now it's time to put your skills to the test! Follow these steps to create your own puff pastry:

Gather your ingredients: flour, butter, water, and salt.

Follow the lamination process outlined above.

Document each step, noting any challenges or adjustments.

Create a simple dessert using your puff pastry, such as a fruit tart or mille-feuille.

Reflection is key to mastering any skill. After completing your puff pastry, consider the following questions:

What challenges did you face during the lamination process?

How did temperature control impact your results?

What adjustments would you make in your next attempt?

Puff Pastry Project

Puff Pastry Perfection: Techniques Unveiled

Puff Pastry Techniques Quiz

Choux pastry, or pâte à choux, is a versatile and essential component in the pastry chef's toolkit. It serves as the base for a variety of beloved desserts, including éclairs, cream puffs, and profiteroles. Understanding how to master choux pastry preparation is crucial for any aspiring pastry chef.

Choux pastry is unique because it is cooked twice: first on the stovetop and then in the oven. This process creates a light, airy texture that can be filled with sweet or savory fillings. The basic ingredients are simple: flour, water, butter, and eggs. However, the technique is what makes or breaks your choux.

💡 **Common Mistakes to Avoid**: One of the most frequent pitfalls is not cooking the dough long enough on the stovetop, which can lead to flat and dense pastries. Always ensure the dough forms a smooth ball and pulls away from the sides of the pan before adding the eggs.

To master choux pastry, follow these steps:
1. **Make the Dough**: Start by combining water, butter, and a pinch of salt in a saucepan. Bring to a boil, then add flour all at once. Stir vigorously until the mixture forms a dough that pulls away from the pan.
2. **Cook the Dough**: Continue to cook the dough over low heat for a few minutes to dry it out slightly. This step is crucial for achieving a light texture.
3. **Incorporate the Eggs**: Remove the pan from heat and let it cool slightly before adding eggs, one at a time. Mix until the dough is smooth and glossy.
4. **Pipe the Pastry**: Transfer the dough to a piping bag fitted with a round tip. Pipe onto a baking sheet lined with parchment paper, creating uniform shapes.

const chouxPastry = () => {
  // Ingredients
  let water = 250ml;
  let butter = 100g;
  let flour = 150g;
  let eggs = 4;

  // Cooking process
  // Step 1: Boil water and butter
  // Step 2: Add flour and mix
  // Step 3: Cook until dough forms
  // Step 4: Add eggs one by one
  return 'Choux pastry ready!';
};

Once you've mastered the choux pastry, it's time to explore filling options. Popular fillings include:
- **Pastry Cream**: A rich custard that can be flavored with vanilla, chocolate, or fruit.
- **Whipped Cream**: Light and airy, perfect for cream puffs.
- **Ganache**: A luxurious chocolate filling that adds depth and richness.

🎨 **Presentation Techniques**: Consider how you will present your choux desserts. A simple dusting of powdered sugar or a drizzle of chocolate can enhance the visual appeal significantly!

Presentation Techniques for Choux Desserts

The presentation of your choux desserts can elevate their appeal. Here are some techniques to consider:
- **Plating**: Use a clean plate and consider the arrangement of your desserts. A staggered layout can create visual interest.
- **Garnishing**: Fresh berries, edible flowers, or a sprig of mint can add color and freshness to your presentation.
- **Sauces**: Create a simple fruit coulis or chocolate sauce to drizzle on the plate for added flavor and decoration.

Hands-On Exercise: Create Your Choux Desserts

Now it's time to put your skills to the test! Create a batch of éclairs or cream puffs using the techniques you've learned. Document your process, noting any challenges you face and how you overcome them. Consider how you will fill and present your creations.

Reflect on your experience in creating choux desserts. What worked well? What challenges did you encounter? How did you address them? Documenting your process not only helps you learn but also prepares you for your dessert portfolio.

Homework: Choux Pastry Challenge

Choux and Beyond: The Art of Éclairs and Cream Puffs

Choux Pastry Quiz

Shortcrust pastry forms the base of countless desserts, from tarts to pies. Understanding the intricacies behind its preparation is essential for any aspiring pastry chef. This lesson will dive deep into the essential techniques and knowledge needed to create a flawless shortcrust.

The key to a successful shortcrust lies in the right balance of ingredients. Typically, the ratio of flour to fat is crucial. A common ratio is 3:2 (flour to fat), which yields a tender crust. However, variations exist depending on the desired texture. For a flakier crust, consider using a higher fat content.

🔍 **Tip:** Experiment with different types of fat (butter, shortening, lard) to understand how they affect the texture and flavor of your pastry. Butter offers a rich flavor, while shortening creates a lighter texture.

Mixing is a critical step in pastry making. Over-mixing can lead to a tough crust due to gluten development. Here are some techniques to master:

1. **Cutting in the Fat:** Use a pastry cutter or your fingers to incorporate fat into the flour until it resembles coarse crumbs.

2. **Adding Water:** Gradually add ice-cold water to bring the dough together. Start with a tablespoon at a time.

3. **Forming the Dough:** Gather the dough into a ball without overworking it. Chill it for at least 30 minutes before rolling out.

Even experienced bakers encounter challenges with shortcrust. Here are some common pitfalls and how to avoid them:

- **Crust Shrinking:** Ensure the dough is chilled properly and avoid stretching it while fitting into the pan.

- **Tough Texture:** Avoid over-mixing and ensure you use the correct flour type.

- **Soggy Bottom:** Blind bake your crust before adding fillings to prevent moisture from making it soggy.

Hands-On Exercise: Create Your Perfect Shortcrust

Now it's time to put theory into practice. Follow these steps to create your shortcrust:

Gather your ingredients: flour, fat, salt, and ice-cold water.

Use the 3:2 ratio of flour to fat to start your dough.

Follow the mixing techniques outlined above.

Chill the dough and roll it out for your chosen dessert.

As you create your shortcrust, document each step. Note any challenges faced and adjustments made. This will help you refine your technique and serve as a valuable reference for future baking.

"Baking is both an art and a science. Understanding the principles behind it allows you to create with confidence." - Unknown

Shortcrust pastry is the foundation for many classic desserts, such as:
- **Fruit Tarts**: Filled with pastry cream and topped with fresh fruit.
- **Quiches**: Savory tarts filled with egg and cheese.
- **Pecan Pie**: A rich, sweet filling that pairs perfectly with a flaky crust.

As you experiment with your shortcrust, reflect on how mastering this technique can enhance your overall pastry skills. Consider how you can incorporate these techniques into your dessert portfolio.

Shortcrust Assignment

Shortcrust Secrets: The Foundation of Many Desserts

Shortcrust Pastry Quiz

Reflective practices are essential for continuous improvement in any craft, especially in pastry arts. By documenting your baking journey, you can track your progress, identify areas for improvement, and celebrate your successes.

Documentation serves as a roadmap for your culinary journey. It allows you to revisit successful techniques and learn from mistakes. In the fast-paced world of pastry arts, having a record of your experiments can be invaluable.

Helps identify patterns in your baking results.

Encourages accountability and consistency in your practice.

Facilitates sharing knowledge with peers and mentors.

To make the most of your documentation, consider the following strategies:

Create a dedicated baking journal where you can record recipes, techniques, and reflections.

Include sections for successes, challenges, and adjustments made during the baking process.

Use visuals, such as photographs of your creations, to enhance your documentation.

Reflection is not just about what went wrong; it’s also about recognizing your achievements. Here’s how to structure your reflections:

Review your journal entries regularly to identify growth patterns.

Set specific goals for your next baking session based on past reflections.

Discuss your reflections with fellow pastry chefs to gain new insights.

🛑 **Common Mistakes in Documentation**

Practical Exercise: Start Your Baking Journal

Begin your journey of reflection by starting a baking journal. Document your next baking session, focusing on the following:

Note any challenges faced and how you overcame them.

Reflect on what you learned and how you can apply this in future baking.

"The best bakers are the ones who learn from every batch they make, whether it’s a success or a failure." - Renowned Pastry Chef

Consider this quote as you embark on your reflective journey. Every dessert you create is an opportunity to learn and grow.

As you document your baking journey, remember that reflection is a powerful tool for growth. Use it to enhance your skills, creativity, and confidence in the kitchen.

Homework: Start Your Baking Journal

Documenting Your Baking Journey: The Importance of Reflection

Reflection and Documentation Quiz

Revisit and refine essential pastry skills focusing on dough techniques and baking science. Mastering these fundamentals is crucial for creating high-quality desserts that meet industry standards.

Foundational Techniques Revisited

The flavor wheel is a visual representation of how different flavors can complement and enhance each other. Understanding this concept is crucial for any aspiring pastry chef. It allows you to experiment with various combinations, leading to innovative desserts that stand out.

A flavor wheel categorizes flavors into various segments, making it easier to identify complementary flavors. For example, sweet flavors can pair beautifully with acidic or bitter notes, creating a balanced dessert. Familiarizing yourself with the flavor wheel can spark creativity and help you design unique combinations.

🧠 Tip: Start by identifying your favorite flavors and see how they interact with others on the wheel. You might discover unexpected pairings!

To enhance your understanding, research classic and innovative flavor pairings. For instance, chocolate pairs well with orange, while basil complements strawberries. Analyzing these combinations will give you insights into why certain flavors work well together.

Once you have researched popular pairings, it's time to get creative. Start by selecting a base flavor and build around it. Consider textures, temperatures, and visual appeal. A dessert that combines a rich chocolate mousse with a tangy raspberry coulis can create a delightful contrast.

🎨 Common Pitfall: Avoid overwhelming your dessert with too many flavors. Aim for balance and harmony.

Hands-On Exercise: Create Your Flavor Wheel

Now, it's your turn! Create your flavor wheel by selecting a few base flavors and brainstorming potential pairings. Use colored pencils or markers to represent different flavor categories.

Create a flavor wheel with at least five base flavors and three complementary flavors for each.

As you experiment with flavors, document your findings. Keep a journal that includes your flavor wheel, notes on successful pairings, and any adjustments you made during the process. This will be invaluable for future reference and recipe development.

"Cooking is like love. It should be entered into with abandon or not at all." - Harriet Van Horne

Mastering flavor pairing is a critical skill for creating memorable desserts. By understanding the flavor wheel and documenting your experiments, you'll enhance your creativity and technical skills, setting you apart as a pastry chef.

Flavor Pairing Homework

The Flavor Wheel: Crafting Unique Combinations

Dive into the art and science of flavor pairing, essential for creating innovative desserts. Learn to balance flavors to enhance your dessert creations, making them more appealing and memorable.

Basic Baking Knowledge

Kitchen Equipment Proficiency

Flavor Profile Basics

Pastry Dough Techniques

Why This Matters:

Recommended Resource:

Baking Science Fundamentals

Why This Matters:

Recommended Resource:

Plating and Presentation Techniques

Why This Matters:

Recommended Resource:

Preparation Tips

What to Expect

Words of Encouragement